Mexican Constitution Essays - Constitution, Freedom Of Assembly

Mexican Constitution The Mexican constitution was adopted in 1917. Previous versions of the Mexican constitution were drafted or proposed, and one laid out the basic structure (1857). This was during conflict and social upheaval in the nation. The Mexican constitution was influenced by both Spanish law, and the United States constitution. The most striking statements of the constitution are that there is freedom of religion but that another article negates any idea of separation of church and state. Also, it says that anyone arrested is guilty until proven innocent, the opposite of that in the United States. Like the constitution of the U.S. however, there are certain guaranteed freedoms. Some of these are: the right to expression, the right to information, freedom of writing and publishing, the right to petition peacefully, the right of assembly, the right to bear arms, and many others. The constitution of Mexico is a lot like ours because it contains many of the same freedoms. It is probably similar because the Mexican constitution was highly influenced, and based on that of the United States. However, some parts are different. Such as all people are guilty until proven innocent, whereas in the United States all people are innocent until proven guilty. The political structure is that like the U.S. which is centered around three traditional branches of government. These three branches are the president, the legislature, and the courts. Policy making is handled by the executive branch. Although the government is supposed to have the same power as the states, like in the U.S., the Mexican government actually has much more power than the states. Government Essays

Essay on The Civil Rights MovementEssay Writing Service

Essay on The Civil Rights MovementEssay Writing Service Essay on The Civil Rights Movement Essay on The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement was one of the major events in the 20th century history of the US (McAdam 175). At the same time, the Civil Rights Movement was not just the mere civil protest of African Americans against injustice and discrimination caused by their inequality compared to the white majority. Instead, the Civil Rights Movement was the organized struggle of a large social group based on the racial background of its participants, which main goal was the elimination of racism and racial inequality, which was legally supported in the US until the Civil Rights Movement and implementation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Hine 202). In fact, the Civil Rights Movement was the result of the emergence of social consciousness of African Americans as a distinct but discriminated group within the US nation, the group that should have had equal rights and opportunities, which African Americans had strived for during the Civil Rights Movement.The Civil Rig hts Movement is still in the memory of many people as well as the nation because this was the turning point in the history of the US. Before the Civil Rights movement, the US was the nation of great opportunities for the whites, whereas after the Civil Rights Movement the US has become the nation of great opportunities for all people, regardless of the color of their skin (Blauner 184). Even though the position of African American is still extremely difficult, changes, once started during the Civil Rights Movement, will never stop and the election of the first African American President is the evidence the memory of the Civil Rights Movement is still alive and the dream of one of its leaders has already come true, at least partially.

Anatomy and physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Anatomy and physiology - Essay Example From here lateral lemniscuses column (3rd order neurons) go to the inferior colliculi and superior colliculi that also receives visual impulse and acts as an integration center to carry impulse to the primary auditory cortex of the CNS in the temporal lobe at Brodmann area 41 and 42. The visual pathway was carried from the eyes to the optic nerve to the visual cortex. The afferent auditory neurons from the organ of corti (inner ear) and auditory cortex involves many synapses which are in the brain stem and medial geniculate body of thalamus. The brain stem causes the input for arousal and alertness. The thalamus sorts and relays signals upwards to generate the action in the individual (Purvez, 2012) (Janmey2007).To elicit the visual response signal transduction occurred in the rod cells to convert rhopodpsin into metarhodopsin which activated trasducin. Transducin blocked the sodium ions entry into the rods causing hyperpolarization which caused liberation of inhibitory neurotransmitter release from rods. Thus the inhibition on the bipolar cells was lifted and they got stimulated to release glutamate. Glutamate acted on the ganglion cells and stimulated them that lead to activity in the optic nerve (1st order neurons). The optic nerve is the IInd Cranial nerve a nd criss -cross at the optic chiasm and reaches the lateral geniculate nucleus from where impulse go to the primary visual cortex which is the Brodmann Area 17, 18 and 19 through the optic radiations( 2nd order neurons) Further as the individual was under stress the hypothalamic locus ceruleus system got activated to release nor epinephrine that was responsible for flight or fight response (getting into action) (Purvez, 2012) (Janmey2007). The reaction starts in the amygdala which stimulates hypothalamus, which cause release of ACTH from pituitary on one hand and stimulates

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Law - Essay Example These doctrines are specific performance and partial performance. When and how these doctrines were invoked and why they are rarely ordered in construction cases are the major points to consider in this essay. Doctrine of Specific Performance This doctrine of specific performance is a remedy granted by the court in cases where there is breach of duty or contract committed either by the owner or by the contractor. It is an equitable remedy that compels a party to execute a contract according to the precise terms agreed upon or to execute it substantially so that, under the circumstances, justice will be done between the parties ( Hill, 2005). It is the right of the party to a contract to demand that the defendant (the party who it is claimed breached the contract) be ordered in the judgment to perform the contract. Specific performance may be ordered instead of (or in addition to) a judgment for money if the contract can still be performed, and money cannot sufficiently reward the pla intiff (Ibid). The basis for the grant of this remedy is equity. Doctrine of Partial Performance The doctrine of partial performance is an exception to the requirement prescribed by the Statute of Frauds that any agreement to transfer land must be written and executed. Partial Performance of an oral agreement can render it as a binding contract (Gervais et al, 2010). The essence of this doctrine was that if the plaintiff could show that he or she had acted under the contract - had partly performed the contract - then a court of equity would enforce the contract even though a court of law would not. The doctrine of part performance requires that the plaintiff must be able to show that he or she has made a substantial commitment to the contract so that it would be unconscionable to allow the defence. Note that it must be the acts of the plaintiff. The doctrine is based on the idea of unconscionability generated by the plaintiff's reliance on the existence of a contract. It does not ma tter whether the acts of the defendants clearly show that there is a contract (Heffey et al. 1998). Difference between the two doctrines and their application to construction cases The invocation of Specific Performance is based on a written contract or any agreement entered into by the parties. And non-performance of any provision or stipulation in the contract will make the erring party liable for breach of contract and an action for specific performance will be granted as in the case of Kasten Construction Co. v. Maple Ridge Construction Co. There is no blanket prohibition against a court ordering the equitable relief of specific performance in a case involving breach of a construction contract as held in the case of Granite Broadway Dev.  LLC v. 1711 LLC. However, this doctrine of specific performance is rarely a remedy in construction cases. If a contractor fails to perform or renders defective performance, it is unlikely than the owner will want the court to order the same c ontractor to continue the work. Instead, contract damages are the primary remedy in construction cases (Wanek, nd). The doctrine of partial performance on the other hand is invoked based on the intention of the parties strengthened by the fact that it was partially performed. In Elsberry v. Sexton, the Supreme Court of Florida unequivocally held that part performance is an equitable doctrine only and is not available in actions for damages at

Reasons why the world loved Mohammed Ali Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reasons why the world loved Mohammed Ali - Essay Example nd the defeat of the most famous George Foreman catapulted his fame to reach across all nations in the world making him become a legend in the eyes of the people (Sina 4). Ali gained popularity mainly in the 1960s and 1970s in countries that were considered developing and when he had an interview with Playboy Magazine, he mentioned certain nations which were later on present in the Bandung unity conference, which was meant to intensify the purpose of unity among black people against the Europeans. Most of the countries that Ali mentioned were predominantly Islamic and they attended the conference in large numbers. During the period in which Ali was the controlling world boxing champion, he not only became the most popular Muslim American, but also became the most loved and famous Muslim in the entire universe because he fought against racism and injustice by the administration. Muhammad Ali can be considered as a person who confronted the United States liberation with Islam with the exception of the fact that no one exactly knew the type Muhammad Ali was at the time. The only visible evidence is the manner in which he strongly protested the thought of being an American citizen while at the same time he defended his beliefs as his protected rights. Ali was of the opinion that white people were demons and Allah was a black God who would give black people revenge from showing good deeds during their period on earth (Micklos 8). In as much as his thoughts could be seen as Islamic views, they were no different from those of messianic Black Nationalism. In this regard, Muhammad Ali and his Islamic faith may have served as a motivation to suspect the West of being oppressive instead of being thankful to them. Muhammad Ali became famous and loved in the colored universe after the Second World War for many reasons. Ali combined action and protest showing a strong sense, rare pride and strong racial remarks on his abilities. At the time, most black people cowed away due

Introduction Of Literature Review Nursing Essay

Introduction Of Literature Review Nursing Essay Literature review is a body of text that determines the aim to review the critical point of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contribution to a particular topic (Wikipedia). Another definition of literature review is a literature reviews is a critical search for an analytical framework, or framework which you can put to work to test the hypothesis or to systematically investigate a set of issue (Jancovicz 2000, page 178). Literature review is a secondary source that combined with number of articles which have similar objective to form up a literature review. The numbers of articles were multitudinous cross-cultural journals, books, conferences and electronic sources of information. Therefore, literature review do not report any new experimental work, it is the review of an abstract accomplishment. Literature review able to help readers to understand the historical findings from other authors, its objective, it gives readers a draft to understand what was going on from the historical to now as well as telling the reader regarding the strengths and weaknesses of studies within the body. The following are the reasons to write a literature review: Distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done Discovering important variables relevant to the topic Synthesizing and gaining a new perspective Identifying relationships between ideas and practice Establishing the context of the topic and problem Rationalize the significance problem Enhancing and acquiring the subject vocabulary Understanding the structure of the subject Relating ideas and theory to applications Identifying of the main methodologies and research techniques that have been used Placing the research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art development Michael J Baker Writing literature review is important because it can avoid making same mistakes as other people did. As when reading the articles, sometimes may find out the errors or the some outdated information, thus, writer able to filter the information gained and amend it in his or her own articles. Furthermore, writing literature review can help to increase your breadth of knowledge in your subject area. When being allocated to do a research, writer has to understand the objective of the research first before start any findings or surveys. Writer need to read numbers of articles to comprehend the subject area in order to figure out what has been done by prior authors and what have to jot down in current research. After read the multi cross-cultural journals or books, writer has gained the knowledge in the particular area. From reading articles written by other authors, reader can improve his or her skills in linking his or her own ideas to the theories to applications and identify what resea rch methodology to be used in the current research either questionnaire, interviews, case studies, observational trial, experiment and so on. In doing a researchs literature review, writer has to going outside to contact experts in the particular field to gain other knowledge, information, ideas before he or she start to write anything. The Importance of Literature Review There are few types of literature review which are narrative, systematic and meta-analytic reviews. Narrative literature review in overall is the standard review of the literature, critically appraise and summarize the literature relevant to an identified topic (Hemingway Brereton 2009). This type of literature review is integral the points from the number of articles and presented as background reading immediately. This kind of literature review tend to begin its selected topic with explanation of the rationale and by providing some theoretical or historical framework for the research paper and the reasons to examining studies relevant to the topic (Baun McMurray-Schwarz 2007). Another type of literature review is systematic literature review sometimes referred as best-evidence synthesis or practice based research synthesis (Dunst 2009). This type of literature review is a thorough, comprehensive, transparent and unbiased review of the literature undertaken according to a clearly defined and systematic approach (Aveyard 2010; Neely et al., 2010). Systematic literature reviews are lengthy processes that involve a focused cross-disciplinary search strategy with clearly stated criteria for inclusion and exclusion of the literature (Berkeljon Baldwin, 2009). Moreover, there is one more type of literature review which is meta-analytic review. Meta-analytic review sometimes known as quantitative systematic review, provide a statistical review approach to measure the effect size and the aggregate studies relevant to the research question (Sun, Pang Wang 2010; Vetter, 2003). According to Humphrey (2011) stated that meta analysis should also provide readers with perspective so that findings are interpreted in a meaningful ways. Other than that, Neely et al (2010) said that Every meta-analysis is based on underlying systematic review, but not every systematic review lead to meta-analysis. A research project is the make for informing or telling people with new knowledge or discovery. Literature review is important because it is a part of paper where researcher will be given an opportunity to strengthen the research paper by putting citation what other reliable authors had said about your topic. To putting citation in the research paper is for the purpose of to proving that writer is not just writing about any random subject but that many others have also poured their thoughts on the topic (Admin 2009). If without literature review which is no other reliable authors talking about the topic, it is only containing writers opinions about the fact that writer has discovered through his or her research. If the research project is just only contain with writers opinion, then how to further convince the readers? In this case, who will scrutinize writers research paper as he or she does not put any reliable evidence from previous authors who doing the same research in the parti cular field? Therefore, this is the need that is answered only by the literature review (Admin 2009). Simply by the fact that writer is using referencing by citing what more credible people had say about the topic will build a stronger foundation for your paper (Admin 2009). According to the University of Western Sydney (2010), states that literature review is important to build knowledge and to identify the methodology of research and seminal that work in the particular field that writer involve to. Moreover, literature review help writer to focus and refine the research question by convey the knowledge gap (University of Western Sydney, 2010). Literature review is to discover the problem of study however the problem of study can be solved by collection of data. It is important to know that what the researcher doing and how he or she worked from reading their research papers and the current researcher should not to duplicate the works done by previous researcher. Furthermore, by writing literature review, it able to help researchers to improve their research design and instrumentation, which not successful at last time (Cottrell McKenzie 2011). According to Leary (2004), states that a well created literature review establishes creditability of the researcher of the study, so he can get the entire benefit of his work. Literature review is important because it is to judge the research question and to deliver latest research material for readers. Procedures of Writing a Literature Review The procedures of writing a literature review include: Define the topic or research question Identify the relevant information: Inclusion or exclusion criteria and keywords Conduct the literature research Screen all and exclude the irrelevant studies Scrutinize the relevant studies Extract data and develop graphic organizers Synthesize the findings Develop conclusion and recommendations Rhoades Define the Topic or Research Question This is the initial step of start writing a literature review. During this step, it involves defining the specific topic and clear statement or review objectives or research question (Neely et al., 2010). The topic should be the researcher know enough about to determine whether it is viable researchable topic (University of South Australia). Successful applications usually outline a well-defined research problem or area of focus linked to a body of literature that discusses some of the issues relevant to the proposed topic (University of South Australia). According to Aveyard (2010), stated that a good research question acts as a guide, clearly providing focus structure for the literature review process. Identify the Relevant Information: Inclusion or Exclusion Criteria and Keywords After determine which topic to be organized, the next procedure is to identify the relevant information. By identifying the relevant information, researcher has to discuss a series of inclusion and exclusion criteria because the criteria have to fit with their review question and or the brief given by whoever is funding the project (Information and Computer Sciences). During doing the research and collecting the relevant information, researcher has to be cautious of any bias, be subjective, because researcher might introduce his or her bias into the review by adding certain inclusion or exclusion criteria. For example limiting to studies in English may miss important studies published in other languages (Information and Computer Sciences). Other than that, all decisions taken to include or exclude certain studies or groups of studies should be documented in the methods this way it can be seen that a systematic process has been followed(Information and Computer Sciences). If the researcher is doing dissertation research, the researcher has to show that the reason why chosen the particular topic to focus, and why the researcher has to excluded others. During this stage, the decisions from researcher are normally made by using the titles and abstract of the articles. Those that clearly irrelevant information is filter or exclude in this stage and those criteria which met are included in the review. Conduct the literature research The next step is to conduct the literature search by the identified keywords. Lucas Cutspec (2005) said that the search process involve a combination of many search tactics that include hand searching key journals and books, accessing the many electronic literature databases, investigating reference lists, and scanning the internet via multiple search engines, the latter likely to also include grey literature. Usually during searching process, there are included cross-disciplinary in that studies from various field of specialization. For example, there are numbers of journals within the broad disciplines, such as education, health, medicine as well as family-based and children- based psychology that may relevant to some topic that involving with children hearing loss (Rhoades, 2005). Literature search need to be careful as use of many search engines, electronic database and websites that are necessity for. Screen all and exclude the irrelevant studies When all the journals, articles and papers are accumulated and abstracts are read, then need to classify the potential information that relevant to the research question (Hemingway Brereton 2009). After that screened all the irrelevant studies and exclude it, then screen again the relevant information to ensure the consistent relevant to the research question and all identified variables (Rhoades, 2005). Scrutinize the relevant studies During this step, researcher has to scrutinize the relevant study. Another two independent reviewers have to be ensure that the consistency of the inclusion with the research question and protocol. Extract data and develop graphic organizers Findings from the studies of particular field are extracted from data extraction form which is tabulated data. Visual clarifiers can be acquired and formed from the tabulated data to facilitate knowledge of the similarities and differences between the relevant studies (Rhoades, 2005). There are number of variables extracted from the studies and the graphic organizer has to summarize the importance of the variables and the relationship of the variables with the studies. Rhoades (2005) stated that when data extracted for analysis and synthesis, the different studies may vary considerably. This is about when at this point, the determination is to make as to see the meta-analysis is appropriate or not. During this step, if the reviewers feel that the studies do not provide sufficient evidence, then, it is important to present the findings because lack of evidence to prove that their findings are reliable and it lead difficulty in publishing (Alderson Roberts, 2000). Synthesize the Findings With two independent reviewers, finding from each study are aggregated to produce bottom line on the clinical effectiveness, feasibility, appropriateness, and meaningfulness, of the intervention (Hemingway Brereton, 2009). Thus, the pool of findings is name as evidence synthesis (Rhoades, 2005). If the studies involve quantitative data or include not much of quantitative, meta-synthesis is provided in literature review (Rhoades, 2005). Conversely, if the studies involve sufficient evidence and quantitative data, the meta-analysis is conducted (Hemingway Brereton, 2009). Develop Conclusions and Recommendations This is the last step of the procedures in writing a literature review. During this stage, researcher has to include some introduction regarding the studies, roughly review the overall structure of and the contents from the studies and then drawn conclusion from the findings of both secondary and primary research. The conclusion should state the crucial annotation and cover the strengths and weaknesses of the studies in the particular research. After drawn conclusion, provide some potential impact of the research conducted such as its contribution of knowledge or understanding, its contribution to theory development, its contribution to practice and applicant, and its implication for future research (Baker Foy). Thereafter, indicate some potential recommendation arise from the previous sections in term of the implication of findings (Baker Foy). Other than that, due to all studies have its own strong point and its shortcomings, thus, researcher can state some of the problematic iss ues arise when conducting the findings and what improvement should be done. Therefore, it is significant that researcher develop awareness of the problematic issues noted in the review (Rhoades, 2005). Summary Literature review is a must to put in a research paper when researcher wish to write a research articles because it is essential to know what has been done by previous researchers in that particular studies and figure out what should be do in the current study to correct the mistake and error done by previous researchers. Thus, it is significant to read number of articles, journals, books from many elsewhere to gain knowledge from the particular studies in order to have a draft in mind what should be do. Furthermore, there are number of procedures to follow in order to write a good literature review because it may be read by others people to judge when the paper being published. Therefore, it is crucial to write a precise literature review to avoid mistakes or errors and get teasing by others.

How do firms penetrate an existing market? Essay -- Business and Manag

How do firms penetrate an existing market? Cadburys have to improve their levels of market penetration and also make more sales customers. Cadburys have improved their penetration which helps them to improve market share. It can increase in there market share which can create significant sales. Market penetration suggests a further penetration of existing markets with existing products. This will involve a strategy of increasing market share within existing segments and markets.  · Market development is a strategy requires the producer to develop raw market segments for products.  · Product development is the process of researching market needs, creating products to meet the identified needs.  · Diversification means going into new market with entirely new products.  · Market penetration is increasing the % of sales in present markets by taking sales from competitors. To improve their market penetration there are six district stages in the development process for new products are; - Ideas All Cadbury products start from ideas. These ideas may come from the following sources: Research and Development -This is where product development and market research working together. Mindstorming -This is where it involves few people developing ideas from words and concepts. Suggestion box - Here Cadburys is working close to the customer and the sales forces understand their needs and requirements. Forced relationships -At times one or more products can be joined together to form new product concepts. Competitors - Monitoring the actions of competitors may provide a rich source of new ideas. Screening of ideas -Once Cadburys ideas have been generated. It is important to screen for the ideas likely to be successful. Considerations may include how well the product fits in with others in the product range the unique element of any idea that makes it competitive. They are likely to demand for the product and whether or not it could be manufactured economically. The two main errors Cadbury needs to avoid when screening ideas are;  · They must not reject new ideas  · They must not develop poor ideas or Cadbury will loose money Market analysis Once Cadburys ideas have been screened market analysis begins. It involves analysis of the product market potential. This he... ...ment consultants in the USA. Stars These are products with a high market share like Cadburys in a rapidly growing industry. Unless Cadburys chocolate bar has not achieved this position through heavy discounting, it should be generating high profits. For Cadbury to remain a star in a competitive environment its chocolate bean will continue to need heavy marketing expenditure. Cash cow Cash cows have a high market share in a slow growing, but mature market. Cadbury could fall into this because there competitors do have higher cost slightly. But Cadbury benefits from high economic of scale. It can generate high profits which could be used to finance ‘problem children/question marks’. Question Marks and problem children This product has a low market share in a rapidly growing market. The business has to decide whether to with draw the product or to support it with heavy marketing, which could be difficult if it is not generating funds elsewhere. Dog This product has a low market share in markets where there is little or no growth. At this stage a product is at the end of its life cycle. The product is best if it is dropped out of its portfolio.

Economic Development of India Essay

The capital market is the market for securities, where Companies and governments can raise long-term funds. It is a market in which money is lent for periods longer than a year. A nation’s capital market includes such financial institutions as banks, insurance companies, and stock exchanges that channel long-term investment funds to commercial and industrial borrowers. Unlike the money market, on which lending is ordinarily short term, the capital market typically finances fixed investments like those in buildings and machinery. Nature and Constituents: The capital market consists of number of individuals and institutions (including the government) that canalize the supply and demand for longterm capital and claims on capital. The stock exchange, commercial banks, co-operative banks, saving banks, development banks, insurance companies, investment trust or companies, etc., are important constituents of the capital markets. The capital market, like the money market, has three important Components, namely the suppliers of loanable funds, the borrowers and the Intermediaries who deal with the leaders on the one hand and the Borrowers on the other. ï  ® The demand for capital comes mostly from agriculture, industry, trade The government. The predominant form of industrial organization developed Capital Market becomes a necessary infrastructure for fast industrialization,and hence its important for the economy because india is a land if agriculture where more than 70 % of population depends upon agriculture and as India is also an developing nation so,industrialization is must necessary In this topic we have discussed that the development of stock market must contributes to economic growth both directly and indirectly. Hence stock market plays an important role in the economy of a country. Following the direct channel, we show that market liquidity has a positive impact on growth and indirectly market size affects investments which must affect growth of the country. Security markets also play a crucial role in economic growth and financial stability. The primary purpose of security markets is to serve as a mechanism for the transformation of savings into financing for the real sector, and hence constituting an alternative to bank financing. Recent local and global studies show that there is a positive correlation between the developments of stock markets and economic growth. Stock markets must be very efficient in the allocation of capital to its highest-value users. These markets also help to increase savings and investment, which are essential for economic development. If an equity market is informationally inefficient then investors face difficulties in choosing the optimal investment, because information on corporate performance is slow. Role of Securities Markets in Economic Development The increasing stringency of terms on both domestic and international loans, the urgency of mobilizing domestic resources by means other than dent finance has been greatly identified. The alternative to debt finance, of course is equity market. Capital market refers to the market for long and medium term funds for the business enterprise. It can be divided into securities and non-securities market. Securities market in turn may be divided unto the markets for primary issues and markets for secondary trading of the issued securities. In the secondary market, the existing securities change from the investor to another. There is no additional flow of funds for investment purposes in a secondary market; it only provides liquidity and marketability to the existing securities. A secondary market is very essential for a new issue market to develop. The secondary market can play most crucial functions in the pace of economic development by the promotion of savings and investment and efficient allocation of finds among the users. The securities market offers both investors and issues a broad spectrum of investment alternatives, which can help increase the level of both savings and investment. An efficient capital market can play the crucial role in mobilizing domestic savings for the purpose of investment

My Proof of Theism

Introduction to Philosophy 200 Spring 2008 My Proof of Theism Jenny Wiggins In this essay, I plan to give proofs that defendtraditional theism. Traditional theism is defined by E. K. Daniel in his essay, A Defense of Theism, as: â€Å"there exists a being, God, who has all of the following attributes: God is omnipotent (all powerful), omniscient (all-knowing), supremely good (omnibenevolent), infinite, eternal, a being who possesses all perfections, transcendent to the natural universe, but the creator of the universe (Daniel, p. 259). † I find it ironic to prove theism in philosophy class. Even Greek philosophers believe in a higher power. The question that is not always agreed upon is which or what higher power to believe? That being said, since there are views that refute theism, I will also take some of these arguments and try to find their weakness. The first classical argument that I will put forth to argue the existence of God is the first cause argument also known as the cosmological argument. This argument simply says that everything has a cause, so if we proceed backwards to find every cause,we would never be able to stop. This is unintelligible. For one to think about it rationally there must be a first cause, a cause that in itself is uncaused. This uncaused being we will call God. Therefore, God exists. The first cause argument proposes that the universe is finite, which means it is limited, and to think of it as infinite would be unintelligible. It also says that the universe is contingent, by stating that each thing in it has a cause. Since the universe could not have caused itself, there must something uncaused that caused the universe. Daniel reformulates the first cause (cosmological) argument this way: P1: Everything in the universe is finite. P2: Whatever is finite is limited. P3: Hence, whatever is limited cannot be the cause of its own existence. P4: Everything in the universe is contingent. P5: Whatever is contingent is dependent on something else for its existence. P6: Hence, whatever is contingent cannot be the cause of its own existence. P7: The totality of things making up the universe is also finite and contingent. P8: Thus, the totality (universe) must also have a cause for its existence. P9: Since it cannot be the cause of its own existence, the cause must be something external to the universe. P10: That is, since the universe cannot contain the reason for its existence within itself, the reason for its existence must be something external to it. P11: Hence, there must exist an infinite and self-subsistent (non-contingent) being who is the cause of the universe. P12: Unlike that which is finite and contingent, such a being must exist necessarily. P13: Such a being is commonly called God. Conclusion: Therefore, there exists an infinite, necessary, and uncaused cause – God (Daniel, p. 68). A question to this argument may be: Do the attributes of finite and contingent, referring to the universe, necessarily need an uncaused being to have created its existence? The very definitions of finite and contingent rationally conclude, yes. If the claim that an infinite sequence of causes was untrue the universe would possibly not exist at all, because if even one of those causes were taken out all succeeding causes would cease to exist. I would also like to take a look at another classical argument which is the design argument also known as the teleological argument. The design argument says that the universe is created in such a way that everything is designed and adapted for a purpose (Daniel, p. 261). The fact that the universe and everything in it seems to be put there in an orderly fashion with things working together in order to give purpose and produce a means to an end, suggests that there was a maker. Consider my argument in defense of the teleological argument below: P1: If we examine an automobile of any kind, we can see that each part has a purpose and design. P2: We can also see that there is an order and complexity. P3: We find that the parts are arranged in such a way that they will operate together in order for us to drive the automobile. P4: This is certainly evidence of rationality and design. Conclusion: Hence, there exists a rational being that designed and brought the automobile into being. Daniel defends the teleological argument by reformulating it in this way: P1: Look out at the universe and the things within it. P2: The universe also shows evidence of design and purpose. P3: We detect orderliness and intricacy. P4: More importantly, we find purposiveness: a marvelous adaptation of means to ends. P5: An example of such purposeful adaptation is the existence of two sexes for the end of procreation or the structure of the eye for the end of seeing. P6: All this is also evidence of rationality and design. P7: Hence, there must exist a rational being who designed and brought the universe into existence. Conclusion: That is, there must exist a Cosmic Designer –God (Daniel, 269). An objection to the teleological argument could be: This earth is not well made; there are plenty of things that do not have adaptation of means to ends. An explanation for this is even though it seems that something does not have purpose for one reason or another it does, but we cannot understand it. Yet another objection may be can we hypothesize that in order to have something of an intricate design that there had to be an intelligent maker? The answer would be yes because a designer cannot make something intelligent by not being so himself. Last but not least I would like to look at the moral argument. This argument states that people have a sense of moral obligation, a feeling to do what is good and right, coming from outside of them. There is no explanation for the sense of completemoral obligation that a person feels other than there is a moral law giver transcendent of the universe. Therefore, such a moral law giver, God, must exist. Human needs and behavior do not explain the complete sense of obligation to do what is right or moral (Daniel, p. 261). Take for example the missionaries sense of obligation to do whatever is in their power humanly and spiritually to help others that they do not even know. The missionaries may possibly risk their very own lives by entering a violent situation just by feeling a complete moral obligation to do so. Another example may be of parents that forgive a murderer who has murdered their only child and they are unable to conceive a new child. These instances are examples of the moral argument. Our doing of good works and deeds by complete moral obligation that is felt to come from outside of ourselves at the forfeit of our own happiness makes no sense unless there is something outside of this universe that compels us to do so, I believe that that compelling force is God. An objection to the moral argument would be: Couldn’t our parents have simply brought us up to do what is morally right? It is not a sense in that one can be taught but a complete sense that will not fail. The decision we make may go against what we are taught as children. I will now take a look at the problem of evil which is most frequently used in the argument against theism. In H. J. McCloskey’s essay, God and Evil, he states the problem in this way, â€Å"Evil is a problem for the theist in that a contradiction is involved in the fact of evil on the one hand, and the belief in the omnipotence and perfection of God on the other. God cannot be both all-powerful and perfectly good if evil is real. † An argument can be formulated to disprove the existence of God in the following way: P1: God is a being that is both all-powerful and perfectly good. P2: An all-powerful being could eliminate all evil. P3: A perfectly good being would eliminate all the evil it has the power to eliminate. P4: Evil exists in the world. P5: Therefore, there is no being that is both all-powerful and perfectly good (McCloskey, p. 328). An argument that would refute the problem of evil is as follows: P1: Evil is necessary to appreciate goodness. P2: Evil is unreal. P3: Evil is necessary for the goodness of the world. The world is made better by the evil in it. P4: Evil is not due to God but to man’s misuse of the free will that God gave him (McCloskey & Hick, 332 &347). With regards to the latter of these two arguments one might think of the analogy of having something that you think is not good, losing it, and then realizing that what you hadwasn’t so bad in the first place. Most people learn lessons from the hardships that they face in life and go on to live an even better life. Man does not always make the most rational decisions in his life and those bad decisions usually have consequences. This is no evidence that there is not an all-powerful and perfectly good God. K. D. Ellis refutes theism in his essay, Why I Am an Agnostic, on the grounds that there are no good reasons, meaning no reliable empirical evidence or sound rational arguments, to believe that there is a God (Ellis, p. 296). He suggests that the classical arguments that are stated in Daniel’s essay, â€Å"may offer some support for the plausibility of the belief in a god, but they are not sufficiently strong enough to compel our assent to the conclusion that a god exists. † He also says that there is no knowledge in the statement, God exists (Ellis, p. 297). However, Ellis also refutes atheism because of the philosophical atheist’s main arguments flaw which is as follows: P1: There is no good reason for anyone to believe that God exists. Conclusion: Therefore, God does not exist. This way of arguing is an argument of ignorance. To say I know what you mean by the ideal of God as a transcendent entity, but, he does not exist. This argumentis fallacious. This is Ellis’ reason for refuting atheism (Ellis, p. 298). Ellis instead makes his stand with agnosticism, because there are no good arguments for God’s existence or refuting God’s existence. Both claims cannot be trueas he states, â€Å"I have tried to show that we cannot know which is true. † Therefore, he takes the position of traditional agnosticism (Ellis, p. 301).

A Guide to Renaissance Humanism

A Guide to Renaissance Humanism Renaissance Humanism- named to differentiate it from the Humanism that came later- was an intellectual movement that originated in the 13th century and came to dominate European thought during the Renaissance, which it played a considerable role in creating. At the core of Renaissance Humanism was using the study of classical texts to alter contemporary thinking, breaking with the medieval mindset and creating something new. What Is Renaissance Humanism? One mode of thinking came to typify Renaissance ideas: Humanism. The term derived from a program of studies called the studia humanitatis, but the idea of calling this Humanism really arose in the 19th century. There remains a question over what exactly Renaissance Humanism was. Jacob Burckhardt’s seminal 1860 work, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, solidified the definition of humanism into the study of classical- Greek and Roman- texts to affect how you viewed your world, taking from the ancient world to reform the modern and giving a worldlier, human outlook focusing on the ability of humans to act and not blindly follow a religious plan. Humanists believed God had given humanity options and potential, and humanist thinkers had to act to make the most of this. That definition is still useful, but historians increasingly fear that the tag Renaissance Humanism pushes a large range of thought and writing into one term that doesn’t adequately explain subtleties or variations. Origins of Humanism Renaissance Humanism began in the later 13th century when Europeans hunger for studying classical texts coincided with a desire to imitate those authors in style. They weren’t to be direct copies but drew on old models, picking up vocabulary, styles, intentions, and form. Each half needed the other: You had to understand the texts to take part in the fashion, and doing so drew you back to Greece and Rome. But what developed wasnt a set of second-generation mimics; Renaissance Humanism began to use knowledge, love, and maybe even obsession with the past to change how they and others saw and thought about their own era. It was not a pastiche, but a new consciousness, including a new historical perspective giving a historically based alternative to medieval ways of thinking. Humanism began to affect culture and society and powered, in large part, what we now call the Renaissance. Humanists operating before Petrarch, called Proto-Humanists, were mainly in Italy. They included Lovato Dei Lovati (1240-1309), a Paduan judge who may have been the first to mix reading Latin poetry with writing modern classical poetry to major effect. Others tried, but Lovato achieved far more, recovering among other things Seneca’s tragedies. A hunger for bringing old texts back to the world was characteristic of Humanists. This searching was vital because much of the material was scattered and forgotten. But Lovato had limits, and his prose style stayed medieval. His pupil, Mussato, connected his studies of the past to contemporary issues and wrote in the classical style to comment on politics. He was the first to deliberately write ancient prose in centuries  and was attacked for liking pagans. Petrarch Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) has been called the Father of Italian Humanism, and while modern historiography plays down the role of individuals, his contribution was large. He firmly believed that classical writings were not just relevant to his own age  but saw in them moral guidance that could reform humanity, a key principle of Renaissance Humanism. Eloquence, which moved the soul, was the equal of cold logic. Humanism should be a doctor to human morals. Petrarch didn’t apply much of this thinking to the government  but worked at bringing together the classics and the Christians. The Proto-Humanists had been largely secular; Petrarch bought religion in, arguing that history can have a positive effect on a Christian soul. He has been said to have created the Humanist program, and he argued that each person should study the ancients and create their own style. Had Petrarch not lived, Humanism would have been seen as threatening Christianity. His actions allowed Humanism to spread more effectively in the late 14th century. Careers needing skills of reading and writing were soon dominated by Humanists. In the 15th century in Italy, Humanism once more became secular and the courts of Germany, France, and elsewhere turned away until a later movement brought it back to life. Between 1375 and 1406 Coluccio Salutati was chancellor in Florence, and he made the city the capital of Renaissance Humanism’s development. The 15th Century By 1400 Renaissance Humanism’s ideas had spread to allow speeches and other orations to become classicized: diffusion was needed so more people could understand. Humanism was becoming admired, and the upper classes were sending their sons to study for the kudos and career prospects. By the mid-15th century, Humanism education was normal in upper-class Italy. Cicero, the great Roman orator, became the core example for the Humanists. His adoption jibed with a turn back to the secular. Petrarch and company had been politically neutral, but now some Humanists argued for republics to be superior to the dominant monarchies. This wasn’t a new development, but it came to affect humanism. Greek also became more common among the humanists, even if it often stayed second to Latin and Rome. However, a huge amount of classical Greek knowledge was now worked in. Some groups wanted to adhere strictly to Ciceronian Latin as the model for languages; others wanted to write in a style of Latin they felt more contemporary. What they agreed on was a new form of education, which the rich were adopting. Modern historiography also began to emerge. The power of Humanism, with its textual criticism and study, was shown in 1440 when Lorenzo Valla proved The Donation of Constantine, ostensibly transferring much of the Roman Empire to the Pope, was a forgery. Valla and others pushed for Biblical Humanism- textual criticism and understanding of the Bible- to bring people closer to the word of God that had been corrupted. All this time Humanist commentaries and writings were growing in fame and number. Some Humanists began to turn away from reforming the world  and focused instead on a purer understanding of the past. But Humanist thinkers also began to consider humanity more: as creators, world-changers who made their own lives and who should not be trying to imitate Christ but finding themselves. Renaissance Humanism after 1500 By the 1500s, Humanism was the dominant form of education, so widespread that it was dividing into a range of sub-developments. As perfected texts passed to other specialists, such as mathematicians and scientists, the recipients also became Humanist thinkers. As these fields developed they split, and the overall Humanist program of reform fragmented. The ideas ceased to be the preserve of the rich, as printing had brought cheap written materials to a wider market, and now a mass audience was adopting, often unconsciously, humanist thinking. Humanism had spread across Europe, and while it split in Italy, the stable countries to the north fostered a return of the movement that began to have the same massive effect. Henry VIII encouraged Englishmen trained in Humanism to replace foreigners on his staff; in France Humanism was seen as the best way to study scripture. John Calvin agreed, starting a humanist school in Geneva. In Spain, Humanists clashed with the Church and Inquisition  and merged with surviving scholasticism as a way to survive. Erasmus, the 16th century’s leading Humanist, emerged in the German-speaking lands. The End of Renaissance Humanism By the mid-16th century, Humanism had lost much of its power. Europe was engaged in a war of words, ideas, and sometimes weapons over the nature of Christianity (the Reformation) and Humanist culture was overtaken by rival creeds, becoming semi-independent disciplines governed by the area’s faith.

Amazon.com Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amazon.com - Research Paper Example The success of e-business depends on how long a customer spends time in an e-business website. Amazon did everything needed to tie up the customers in their website. They have formulated different strategies to attract the net customers. Most of the internet users are youths and Amazon.com has everything needed to attract the youth customers. This paper briefly analyses the history, supply chain management process, online auction features, competitors and current market position of Amazon.com. History Amazon.com was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994 in America† (Amazon.com, Inc). Initially it started as an online bookshop. However it expanded its business during the late 1990s and diversified its business to areas such as to offer the CDs, videos, DVDs, electronics, toys, tools, home furnishings and house wares, apparel, and kitchen gadgets etc (Amazon.com, Inc, n. d). Amazon entered the internet world in 1995 and registered as a public company in 1997. In 1998, they entered the on line music and video business and in 1999, they started to sell toys, electronics, tools, and hardware using their e-commerce website. Though the company has started as an online bookstore, currently it has products such as music CD’s, VHS, DVD, computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food toys, etc apart from books. It has started film production also in 2008. Amazon has several websites custom made for countries like Canada, Germany, France, China, UK, Japan etc. The company did not focus on profits for the initial five years and spend much of its revenues in expansions in the initial years. This business strategy brought immense dividends to the company as per the recent statistics. Current market position   Currently Amazon.com employs more than 7800 employees and as per the statistics of 2002, it has reported $ 3.9 billion sales (Amazon.com, Inc, n. d). It is the largest online retailer at present in United States. The closest competitor Staple s Inc has only 1/3 rd of the revenues of Amazon.com as per the statistics available in 2010. As per the recent statistics, it ranked 272 in the list of Fortune 500 companies. Supply chain management process Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the process of controlling the movements of goods or services from suppliers to buyers. The efficiency of supply chain management depends on the availability of the material based on the demand. There should not be more goods in the store if the demand is less; at the same time there should be adequate number of goods always if the demand is good. Amazon has one of the most efficient, sophisticated and advanced supply chain management systems in the world. â€Å"Homemade applications handle nearly every aspect of its supply chain: warehouse management, transportation management, inbound and outbound shipping, demand forecasts, inventory planning, and more† (Bacheldor, 2004). In other words, all the aspects of supply chain management are man aged with the help of advanced software at Amazon.com. The human intervention is very less in the supply chain management process and the machines are dominating in this sector. Thus the chances of human errors which may delay the supply chain management process are very less. For example, computers and software are assisting Amazon in taking orders, processing orders and in ensuring the delivery of goods in time. Whenever, an item is purchased from

Challenges to Social Policy in Relation to Globalisation Essay

Challenges to Social Policy in Relation to Globalisation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the process of globalization has, in fact, weakened several institutions developed by nation-states to structure social policy formation. Systems created by policymakers and by the people within their context are not able to resolve the most serious issues at present. Most believe that social policy formation must presently have a regional or global importance. However, the needed networks or institutions are largely absent in that area. In essence, globalization is the concept that has been used to describe an array of political, social, cultural, technological, and economic factors and mechanisms that are believed to have generally created the specific aspects of current living. National welfare policies and processes have become much more globalized than is generally believed. Consideration of the influence of globalization on social policy, therefore, requires exploring policies and systems that connect people and places all over t he world. Globalisation has influenced social policy in two major ways. First is examining social policy development in domains of extraterritorial governance. These domains of governance could be global (IMF, UN, etc.) or trans-regional (ASEAN, EU, etc.). Second is placing emphasis on cross-border movement of products, services, people, and knowledge as they concern the effects of social policies on communities, policy development, and social welfare